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Although the TCCC protocol is gaining increasing acceptance throughout the U.S. Department of Defense and allied military forces 158-165 ; , this protocol by itself is not adequate training for the management of combat trauma in the tactical environment. Since casualty scenarios in small-unit operations entail tactical problems as well as medical ones, the appropriate management plan for a particular casualty must be developed with an appreciation for the entire tactical situation. 31 ; This approach has been developed through a series of workshops carried out by SOF medical personnel in association with appropriate medical specialty groups such as the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, the Wilderness Medical Society, and the Special Operations Medical Association. 156, 157, 46 ; The most recent of these workshops, which addressed the Tactical Management of Urban Warfare Casualties in Special Operations, noted that several of the casualty scenarios studied from the Mogadishu action in 1993 166 ; had very important tactical implications for the mission commanders. 46 ; The unconscious fast-rope fall victim in Figure 3 resulted in a decision by the mission commander to split the forces in his ground convoy, detaching 3 of the 12 vehicles to take the casualty back to base immediately, leaving the remaining 9 to extract the rest of the troops. The helicopter crash described in Figure 4 resulted in the pilot's body being trapped in the wreck. Several discrete elements from the target building suffered multiple casualties as they moved towards the crash site to assist. The casualties eventually outnumbered those who were able to maneuver, forcing the elements to remain stationary, and preventing them from consolidating their forces. When a rescue convoy finally reached the embattled troops at the crash site, there was a delay of approximately 3 hours while the force worked feverishly to free the trapped body. Several hundred troops and over 25 vehicles were vulnerable to counterattack during this period. These scenarios made it obvious to members of the workshop panel that training only combat medics in tactical medicine is not enough. McRaven has compiled accounts of a number of special operations that may be used for scenario development. 167 ; If tactical medicine involves complex decisions about both tactics and medicine, then we must train the tactical decision makers the mission commanders - as well as combat medical personnel in this area. 46 ; A customized course in Tactical Medicine for SEAL and Ranger Mission Commanders has been developed and incorporated into the training for mission commanders in those units. The Tactical Medicine course provides a rationale for why mission commanders need training in this area. While it is true that the combat medic takes care of the casualty, the mission commander runs the mission, and what's best for the casualty and what's best for the mission may be in direct conflict. The question is often not just whether or not the mission can be completed successfully without the wounded individual s the issue may well be that continuing the mission will adversely affect the outcome for the casualty. If the mission is to be successfully accomplished, the mission commander may have to make some very difficult decisions about the care and movement of casualties. Additional reasons to train mission commanders in tactical medicine include: 1 ; the importance of having the commander know that the care provided in TCCC may be substantially different than the care provided for the same injury in a non-combat setting; 2 ; the unit may be employed in such a way that there is no corpsman, medic, or PJ, because ketamine for depression.
Note: Please refer to the CIGNA HealthCare Coverage Position on Spinal Cord Stimulation for specific criteria on spinal cord stimulators. Please refer to the CIGNA HealthCare Coverage Position on Minimally Invasive Treatment of Back Pain for specific criteria on implantable intrathecal or epidural infusion pumps to administer opioid drugs. Please refer to the CIGNA HealthCare Coverage Position on Ziconotide Prialt ; for specific criteria on intrathecal administration of this medication. CIGNA HealthCare does not cover the following procedures services because they are considered experimental, investigational or unproven for the assessment and or treatment of CRPS this list may not be all-inclusive ; : acupuncture biofeedback electromagnetic field treatment hyperbaric oxygen hypnosis interferential stimulators ketamine administration motor cortex stimulation.
Identification of novel genes encoding melanocyte melanoma-specific proteins using GeneChip T Inozume, 1, 3 Y Suzuki, 1 S Shimada, 3 H Aburatani2 and Y Kawakami1 1 Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 2 Genome Science Division, RCAST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan and 3 Dermatology, Yamanashi University, Yamanashi, Japan For understanding of biology of melanocytes and development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for hereditary and acquired pigment disorders as well as melanoma, we have attempted to identify melanocyte specific molecules systematically using DNAChip. cDNA profiles of various tissues and cell lines including primary cultured melanocytes and highly pigmented melanoma cell line, SKmel23, produced with GeneChip containing 42, 000 probes were compared. The 603 genes that expressed in primary cultured melanocytes more than 3 times than other normal tissues were first selected. Among 603 genes, 44 genes predominantly expressed in cDNA libraries made from melanocyte-containing tissues in NCBI database were selected, and actual tissue expression was evaluated by RT-PCR. Two uncharacterized genes FCRL FREB and novel gene, MLG: MDR like gene ; were preferentially expressed in primary cultured melanocytes, melanoma cell lines, and melanoma tissues. FCRL FREB has recently been reported to be a member of the Fc receptor family and expressed predominantly in B cells in germinal center. We found that the FCRL FREB was also expressed in some of the melanoma cell lines and tissues by immunohistochemical analysis with murine polyclonal Ab specific for FCRL FREB that we have generated. The FCRL FREB protein made by bacterial and mammalian expression systems were recognized by IgG Ab in sera of melanoma patients and healthy individuals. The other identified novel gene, MLG, appears to encode a 131 aa protein homologous to multi drug resistant gene 1 MDR1 ; containing a ATP binding site. The GFP fused protein is localized in nucleus of melanoma cell lines. These molecules preferentially expressed in pigment cells may be useful for further understanding of melanocyte biology and development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods for pigment disorders and lanoxin.
| Ketamine preparation powderPOSTURE SCREENING: NY Methodist Hospital offers a complementary medicine event. 10 to noon. 263 Seventh Ave., first floor. 718 ; 246-8700. Free. RECEPTION: 29 Brooklyn artists define "Occupation." Live auction. $10. 6 viewing; 7: 30 live auction. Supreme Trading Gallery, 213 North Eighth St. 718 ; 389-3700. BAMCINEMATEK: presents "New French Connection" series with "25 Degrees in Winter" 2004 ; . $10. 6: 50 pm. Also, "The Mystery of the Yellow Room" 2003 ; . 4: 30 and 9: 15 pm. 30 Lafayette Ave. 718 ; 636-4100. GOOD COFFEEHOUSE: Traveling Troubadour series with acoustic blues performer Corey Harris. $10, $6 kids. 8 pm. 53 Prospect Park West. 718 ; 768-2972. BRIC STUDIO: presents "Up in the Air, " a cabaret of aerial and performance art that reflect Eastern and Western cultures. $10, $8 students. 8: 30 pm. 57 Rockwell Place. 718 ; 855-7882. NEXT WAVE: Dance performance of "Bush." 7: 30 pm. Also, "The Temptation of St. Anthony." 7: 30 pm. See Sat., Oct. 23. SHAKESPEARE: "Hamlet." 7: 30 pm. See Sat., Oct. 23. THEATER: "Cloud Nine." 8 pm. See Sat., Oct. 23. ARTS AT ST. ANN'S: "Good Samaritans." 8 pm. See Sat., Oct. 23. GALLERY PLAYERS: "Hair." 8 pm. See Sat., Oct. 23.
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STORAGE NAME: h0091z.hcl DATE: May 24, 1999 PAGE 2 III. SUBSTANTIVE ANALYSIS: A. PRESENT SITUATION: Section 893.03, F.S. classifies controlled substances into five categories or "schedules" to regulate their manufacture, distribution and dispensation. Gamma-hydroxy Butyric Acid GHB ; is a drug with no currently accepted medical use in the United States. It has strong sedative effects and has been a known drug of abuse since 1990. In 1997, the Florida Legislature placed Gamma-hydroxy-butyrate in ch. 893, Florida Statutes, as a schedule II drug. Gamma-hydroxy-butryate is a derivative of Gamma-hydroxy butyric acid. However, a major prosecution of a criminal defendant charged with distributing GHB was dismissed by a trial court in Duval County because the court found that gamma-hydroxy-butyrate, the substance prohibited by the statute, was different from gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, the substance possessed by the defendant. Other law enforcement agencies have also reported difficulties prosecuting GHB cases because of the deficiency in the statutory nomenclature. The Attorney General filed an emergency rule scheduling Gamma-hydroxy butyric acid in schedule II on the recommendations of the Department of Health and Department of Law Enforcement declaring that it presented an immediate danger to the public health, safety, and welfare. The emergency rule expires in June 1999. Ketamnie is an anesthetic drug used primarily in veterinary medicine and occasionally in human medicine. It is a legitimately manufactured pharmaceutical with an increasing frequency of abuse. It is known to be abused at teen "rave" parties. It is known on the street as "Special K", "Vitamin K", "Ket", and "K". Effects are similar to "PCP", and "LSD", with shorter duration. It is abused at teen "rave parties" and a $7.00 vial bought by a veterinarian sells for $100-$200 on the street DEA-1997 ; . The drug is not controlled under ch. 893, Florida Statutes. Effective November 12, 1997, Florida Attorney General Robert Butterworth adopted an emergency administrative rule 2ER97-2 ; which temporarily schedules Ktamine as a controlled substance in Schedule III. The regular administrative rule took effect on February 2, 1998. Rule 2-40.003, F.A.C. Substances in Schedule III have less potential for abuse than substances in Schedules I and II, and have some accepted medical use. Use of Schedule III substances may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence, or, in the case of anabolic steroids, for example, may lead to physical damage. In its findings in support of the emergency rule scheduling Ketamine, the Attorney General found that Ketamije meets all of the statutory requirements for placement in Schedule III. The Attorney General found that Ketamije is currently not a controlled substance in Florida, and therefore, illegal possession, sale, or other abuse of this drug is only a misdemeanor offense. According to law enforcement authorities, the relatively light penalties associated with criminal misuse of the drug has contributed to its increased popularity. Additionally, the Attorney General found that law enforcement officers are reluctant to make misdemeanor arrests for unlawful sale or possession of Ketamine, preferring instead to focus on felony drug offenses. Findings of the Attorney General in Support of Emergency Rule 2ER97-2, In Emergency Rule 2ER97-2, Adding Ketamine, A.K.A. "K" and "Special K, " to Schedule III, [Section] 893.03 3 ; , F.S and levaquin.
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12 Employed resident figure may differ from Table 1 because of the ONS rounding which leads to the same count in different tables conflicting. The Standard Table figure for employed residents is the most accurate count in Table 1 and levothroid.
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Pharmaceutical Co., Osaka, Japan ; . Anesthesia: Each horse was intravenously injected with 4g kg of medetomidine Domitor, 0.1%, Orion Co., Espoo, Finland ; and 25-50 mg kg of Guaifenesin Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Kyoto, Japan ; was infused rapidly until the horse became ataxic. Anesthesia was then induced by intravenous injection of 0.03 mg kg diazepam Horizon 10mg, 0.5%, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan ; and 2.2 mg kg ketamine Veterinary Ketalar 50, Sankyo Yell Yakuhin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan ; . Next, the trachea was intubated and the horse was held on a surgical table in dorsal recumbency. Anesthesia was maintained by inhalation of halothane and oxygen. Twenty min after the beginning of anesthesia, dobutamine Retamex, 2%, Sankyo ; was intermittently administered at 1-5 g kg min to maintain a mean arterial blood pressure of approximately 70 mmHg. The surgical area was aseptically prepared and a ventral midline celiotomy was performed. The cecum was brought out through the ventral midline incision, and the apex was pulled caudad to expose the dorsal band of the cecum. Jejunocecal anastomosis was performed as previously described22, 24. In brief, the ileum was resected in the position proximal approximately 50 cm ; to the ileocecal junction, and the jejunum was transected in the position proximal approximately 200 cm ; to the ileocecal junction. After the.
Formulation technologies applicable to a wide range of medications in pressurized metered-dose inhalers MDI ; devices. The technologies--developed by Aeropharm, a subsidiary of Kos Pharmaceuticals--are aerosol applications for delivery of pharmaceutical agents to the respiratory airways with inhalers using non-ozonedepleting propellants. The company plans to apply the technologies to a broad range of agents. Irrigation lines can deliver alternatives for strawberries Scientists at the USDA Agricultural Research Service ARS ; are evaluating the effectiveness of using irrigation lines to deliver alternatives to methyl bromide to strawberry fields. The most promising system tested so far--known as `InLine'--produces marketable yields of strawberries of 95110 per cent of those from fields treated with reduced methyl bromide applied in combination with chloropicrin and loestrin.
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Ciss, B. et al Progressivity and horizontal equity in health care finance and delivery: What about Africa? Pp 51-68 This paper applies concentration curves and indices, that have been previously used to analyze progressivity in health care finance and horizontal equity in health care delivery in developed countries, to a 19981999 household survey about health care expenditures and utilization carried out in four francophone West African capitals Abidjan, Bamako, Conakry and Dakar ; . The paper also uses statistical inference for testing stochastic dominance relationship between curves, a technique already applied in the literature about equity in taxation, as the criterion for making rigorous inequality comparisons. more Williams, L. ; Bryan, S. Understanding the limited impact of economic evaluation in health care resource allocation: A conceptual framework. Pp 135-143 Concern has increasingly been expressed at the low level of impact that economic evaluations have on the priority setting decisions they are designed to inform. The concern to maximise the impact of economic evaluation in health care is reminiscent of research utilisation debates rehearsed in the various policy studies disciplines. This paper draws on selected themes and frameworks from this literature in order to explore issues and map out an agenda relating to the uptake and use of cost effectiveness analysis in health policy decisions!
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MATERIAL AND METHODS Animal experiment Twelve white New Zealand rabbits with initial mean body weight 4.24 0.47 g were divided into two groups. All rabbits were housed individually in standard cages and received food and tap water ad libitum. AD-induced pulmonary toxicity group n 7 ; was administered amiodarone HCl Cordarone, SANOFI PHARMA, Paris, France ; 20 mg kg BW ; intra-peritoneally as a 5% aqueous solution for 6 weeks.15 The control group n 5 ; received the same amount of 0.9% saline. All animals underwent 123I-MIBG and 99mTc-DTPA radioaerosol scintigraphy at the end of the treatment period. Anesthesia was induced by IM administration of 35 mg kg ketanine and 5 mg kg xylazine. Experimental animals were euthanized one day after imaging; histo and lotensin and ketamine.
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Respiratory variables were estimated from the phrenic neurogram. Its peak amplitude was taken as the neural tidal volume, the duration of a phrenic burst from its onset to the peak and from the peak to the next onset was taken as the inspiratory and expiratory time, respectively. Data were calculated as a percent from control before and after each pharmacological treatment and were shown as means SE. Differences in the longest inspiratory duration evoked by k4tamine before and after picrotoxin and bicuculline were compared with Mann-Whitney's U-test. Changes in the phrenic amplitude during apneustic breathing after bicuculline and picrotoxin were compared with one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey post hoc test. Statistical significance was considered at P 0.05.
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| Ketamine odorOur readers often ask if there are particular articles that we would recommend to the clinician involved in densitometry. With hundreds of articles being published each quarter, it is easy to imagine how a clinician may find it hard to notice an article that may be of special interest. Once again the Norland News will bring to your attention articles we felt may be of special interest to our readers. If the piece sounds like something you may wish to follow-up, we would encourage you to request a copy of the off-print from the author, arrange to get a copy from a local medical library or an on-line service on the Internet such as the Lonesome Doc ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Lekamwasam, S and Lenora, RSJ: Effect of leg rotation on hip bone mineral density measurements. Journal of Clinical Densitometry. 6: 331-336, 2003. With hip fractures bringing increased interest in hip bone density assessments and with different scanning protocols being advocated standard positioning or one-scan studies, for example ; , the effect of hip positioning has been of interest. To learn the effect of internal or external leg rotation, as assessed in an in vivo setting below ; , pull a copy of this article. To correspond with the authors contact: Dr Sarath Lekamwasam, Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Galle, Sri Lanka 80000. Email: sarathlk sltnet.lk. Jaglal, SB, McIsaac, WJ, Hawker, G, Carroll, J, Jaakkimainen, L, Cadarette, SM, Cameron, C and Davis, D: Information needs in the management of osteoporosis in family practice: An illustration of the failure of the current guideline implementation process. Osteoporosis International. 14: 672-676, 2003. As the general community gains access to technology, general practitioners are called upon to determine how their patients will use this technology to improve their health. To learn what the family practitioner needs to incorporate osteoporosis assessment into the practice, pull a copy of this study. To correspond with the authors contact: SB Jaglal; Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, 8th Floor, Toronto; ON, M5G 1V7, Canada. Email: susan.jaglal utoronto . Barrett-Connor, E, Wehren, LE, Siris, ES, Miller, P, Chen, YT, Abbott, TA, Berger, ML, Santora, AC and Sherwood, LM: Recency and duration of postmenopausal hormone therapy: Effects on bone mineral density and fracture risk in the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment NORA ; study. Menopause. 10: 412-419, 2003. What impact does current or past postmenopausal hormone therapy have on bone density and fracture risk? Pull a copy of this article to learn what the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment study using Norland forearm and heel densitometry shows. To correspond with the authors contact: Elizabeth Barrett-Connor, MD; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA 92093-0607. Email: ebarrettconnor ucsd and lanoxin.
With a superposition of this effect on the tachycardics effect of ketamine. This is in agreement with the results found by Luna et al12 and Santos et al6 who obtained lower values for CF, by using intramuscular xylazine, when compared to dissociative drugs and benzodiazepinics. There was an initial reduction of SAP immediately after administration of the preanesthetic medication, methotrimeprazine, utilized in all groups that might be caused by this fenothiazine adrenolytic function. The ketamine leads to an increase in arterial pressure as a function of peripheral vasoconstriction and so, not recommended for hypertension patients 13, 15, 16 However, this effect was not observed in G1 and G2, and, therefore, ketamine was not able to efficiently antagonize the hypotension effects brought about by methotrimeprazine The decrease in SAP was not considered as due to midazolam addition, as long as there was not any significant difference between the lowest and the highest dosis of midazolam utilized in G1 and G2. As there was an increase in SAP in G3, it was possible to realize that the effects of xylazine on the increase of pressure during the continuous infusion, overcame the hypotension effects of methotrimeprazine used as a pre-anesthetic medication. According to Spinoza and Spinoza 9 this increase in arterial pressure is caused by the a-2 receptors stimulation, as long as xylazine has not 100% specificity on a-2 receptors. The increase in SAP in G3 was below the physiologic values but, on the other hand, the combinations used in G1 and G2 showed slightly low values and, therefore, considered as a light hypotension. As for MAP the values for G1 and G2 showed a little hypotension in the animals treated with methotrimeprazine -midazolam-ketamine only, and were considered as hypotension effects of methotrimeprazine as a pre-anesthetic medication. Forster et al10 reported hypotension effects caused by midazolam when used through intravenous dose-dependent via. In all groups the greatest reduction in Mv was shown in G3, probably influenced by xylazine in combination with midazolam. The littlest reduction occurred in G1 when compared to G2, was in agreement with the increase in midazolam dose in the combination administered via continuous infusion, related to the depressor effect of this drug on the RF. There were no significant variations for SatO2; however a physiological progressive saturation reduction of the parameter occurred from M1 on, about 94 and 91, considered as hypoxemia, important for the anesthesiologist. Taking into consideration the low respiratory depression brought about by dissociative drugs, it is suggested that the decrease in SatO2 , in dogs treated with different dissociative anesthesia protocols, was caused by adjuvant drugs of the combination, specially xylazine, as long as when midazolam dose was increased, no variations occurred 13, 15. In G1 and G2 there was no difference as for EtCO2, with values below 36 mm Hg .The group treated with xylazine showed values higher than the above mentioned ones, and this event could be explained as related to alterations caused by xylazine which result in a decrease of Mv and reduction of Sat02, as reported by Luna et al.12 and Santos 2003 ; 11 who utilized xylazine and ketamine by intramuscular via. A EtCO2 slightly higher was observed in G2 when compared to G1, probably influenced by the reduction effects on Mv, due to midazolam higher dose. The behavior of CF varied for the ketamine-midazolam and ketamine-midazolam-xylazine groups. The variations found in both groups G1-G2 ; and G3 ; are very close to the physiological upper and lower limits.
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Tional Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda; the Department of Veterans Affairs Schizophrenia Biological Research Center, Alcohol Research Center ; , West Haven, Conn; and grant MO1-RR00125 from the General Clinical Research Center, New Haven, Conn. Acknowledgment: We thank Angelina Genovese, RN, and the nursing staff of the Biological Studies Unit of the VA Connecticut Healthcare System for their expert clinical contributions to this project; Karyn Casselo for her expert clinical research contributions to this project; Lia Donahue for her expert data management and graphical assistance; and Shan Xie, PhD, and R. F. Suckow, PhD, for their performance of the amphetamine and ketamine assays, respectively.
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Et al., 1997 ; . Control animals received intraperitoneal Tween 80 under the same schedule as the other treatment groups. We had not performed a thorough investigation of the effect of FSCE because this fraction was found to have no significant pharmacological action in our preliminary study. Assessment of colonic damage. Rats in control and treatment groups were sacrificed by an overdose of ketamine 100 mg kg, i.p. ; . The entire colonic segment from rectum to colocecal junction was removed through a midline laparotomy. The isolated colon was excised longitudinally, and pathological conditions such as edema, inflammation, and shortening of the colon were noted. The areas of hemorrhagic lesions and ulcers in the distal colon were measured by tracing onto a transparency with 1-mm grids, with the total colonic lesion area being expressed in mm2 Ko et al., 2001 ; . Determination of neutrophil recruitment in colonic tissue. Myeloperoxidase MPO ; is localized inside the azurophil granules of neutrophils and plays an important role in bactericidal action using halide ions as co-factor Suzuki et al., 1983 ; . Hence, tissue MPO activity was regarded as an index of neutrophil recruitment. Myeloperoxidase activity in the excised colonic tissues was measured by a modified method as described previously Ko et al., 2001 ; , using hydrogen peroxide and 3, 5, Horseradish peroxidase was used as standard ranging from 0 to 0.04 U ml ; . One unit of horseradish peroxidase from colonic samples or standard solutions ; will oxidize 1 lmole of the reaction product 2, 2#-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ; per min at 25C under pH 5.0. The final values were represented as units per gram of colonic wet tissue. Measurement of colonic LTB4 concentration. Colonic tissue samples were homogenized in buffer containing 50 mM Tris, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM l CaCl2, 1 mg ml D-glucose, and 28 lM l indomethacin for 30 s. The resulting homogenate was centrifuged at 15, 000 3 g for 15 min at 4C. Colonic LTB4 contents in the supernatant were measured by means of an enzyme immunoassay system Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, UK ; with the range of 0.3 to 40 pg well. Absorbance of each sample was read in a microplate reader MRX, DYNEX Technologies, Chantilly, VA ; at 405 nm. The LTB4 concentration was expressed as picograms per milligram of colonic tissue.
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Ns 2003: 37. [A review, including LSD and its analogs, indoalkylamines, hallucinogenic phenethylamines, PCP and its analogs, ketamine, and beta-carbolines.] Hugel J, Meyers J, Lankin D. Analysis of the hallucinogens. Hallucinogens 2003: 191. [A review of the forensic analysis of hallucinogens.] Klein RFX, Hays PA. Detection and analysis of drugs of forensic interest, 1992 - 2001; A literature review. Microgram Journal 2003; 1 1-2 ; : 55. [A ten year review of the forensic science literature.].
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To and at 5-minute intervals during anesthesia. Direct blood pressures and estimated arterial oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry SpO2 ; were also recorded every 5 minutes during anesthesia. Oxygen at 15 L min was provided by nasal insufflation if the horse failed to maintain a SpO2 above 85%. Arterial blood samples were drawn for blood gas analysis at 20 minute intervals. Infusion time, time to sternal, and time to standing were recorded and a subjective evaluation of analgesia, muscle relaxation, and recovery were made. GKX provided excellent anesthesia for all 6 horses for 52 7 minutes with only mild decreases in arterial blood pressures compared with the 2 other infusions. DKX provided adequate anesthesia in 5 out of the 6 horses. However, length of anesthesia was shorter at 45 12 minutes and muscle relaxation and analgesia were less than with GKX. With KX, anesthesia for 3 of 6 horses was aborted due to movement. Anesthesia time for KX was 33 10 minutes. Arterial blood pressure was higher in the DKX and KX groups than in the GKX group. DKX would be adequate for mildly stimulating procedures at this rate, but is not an equivalent substitute for GKX. KX is not adequate anesthesia at this rate. INTRODUCTION Although guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine GKX ; is a well-documented infusion for total intravenous anesthesia that has shown.
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